Nicotine Dependence and Rates of Postoperative Complications in Achilles Tendon Repair.

BACKGROUND: Nicotine is a modifiable risk factor that is well demonstrated to cause deleterious effects on tendon healing and overall health. Individuals that have a dependence on nicotine may be at an elevated risk for numerous postoperative complications when compared to nondependent patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the complications postoperatively between nicotine- and non-nicotine-dependent Achilles tendon repairs. METHODS: The global health network database, TriNetX, was used to access and analyze deidentified patient information. Two cohorts were identified for the purposes of this study. Cohort A was defined as patients who had an Achilles tendon repair (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT]: 27650 or CPT: 27654) and had a dependence to nicotine (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, code: F17). Cohort B was defined as patients who had an Achilles tendon repair but did not have a dependence to nicotine. Data were gathered from health care organizations from August 21, 2000, to August 21, 2023. All postoperative complications were analyzed between 1 and 90 days after the Achilles tendon repair. RESULTS: A total of 2117 nicotine-dependent patients were matched with 18 102 non-nicotine-dependent patients. After propensity matching for age at event, ethnicity, race, sex, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, nicotine-dependent patients who underwent Achilles tendon repair experienced higher associated risk for numerous postoperative complications. When compared to nondependent patients, nicotine-dependent patients had increased risk for wound disruption (risk ratio [RR] 1.55, 95% CI 1.11-2.16) and infection following a procedure (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.09-2.47) within 90 days post Achilles tendon repair. CONCLUSION: In this database study using propensity matching, nicotine-dependent patients who underwent Achilles tendon repair were correlated with an increased associated risk for wound disruption and infection after a procedure than their non-nicotine-dependent counterpart. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Social Participation and Persistent Smoking Among Older Chinese With Smoking-Related Morbidity.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic diseases are common in midlife and old age and smoking can pose more health and longevity challenges for older people with chronic illnesses. In China where smoking is highly prevalent, older adults are likely to continue smoking even after developing severe chronic diseases. We examined the national prevalence of persistent smoking among older adults. We also investigated the sociodemographic characteristics of persistent smoking among ever-smokers with chronic diseases and its association with social participation (of various types). METHODS: We used data from a nationally representative sample of older adults aged 45-80 in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2018). Multinomial logistic and multilevel logistic models were fitted. RESULTS: The national prevalence of persistent smoking was around 24% of older men and 3% of older women. Among those with a history of smoking and chronic illness, younger, nonmarried/partnered, nonretired, or less educated individuals are more likely to continue smoking. Social participation is significantly associated with persistent smoking among those with chronic diseases, but the association differs across different forms of activities. Although the most popular but sedentary activities in China (playing Mahjong, chess, or cards) are associated with an elevated risk of persistent smoking, physical social activities (community-organized dancing, fitness, and qigong) are associated with a reduced risk of persistent smoking. DISCUSSION: Given the enormous burden of persistent smoking on individuals and society, public smoking cessation inventions should address sociocultural factors of persistent smoking and target older adults who participate in specific social activities.

Achados tomográficos incidentais de calcificações coronarianas: um estudo de prevalência na região sul do Brasil / Incidental tomographic findings of coronary artery calcifications: a prevalence study in southern Brazil

Fundamento: As calcificações de artérias coronárias (CAC) mostram-se como fator preditivo de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). A tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax com protocolo de aquisição de baixa dose apresenta acurácia na identificação de CAC e propicia achados incidentais dessas calcificações, que são comumente negligenciados. Este estudo analisará a prevalência de achados incidentais de calcificação em artérias coronárias em indivíduos não cardiopatas submetidos à TC de tórax. Métodos: Estudo transversal consecutivo de caráter analítico e descritivo. Foram incluídos indivíduos de ambos os sexos que realizaram TC de tórax por encaminhamento, acima de 18 anos e não cardiopatas. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de prontuários e ficha de anamnese auto aplicada. As variáveis referentes às CAC e à extensão do comprometimento foram obtidas a partir da reavaliação das imagens de TC de tórax disponíveis no sistema da instituição. Os exames foram anonimizados e avaliados por dois médicos radiologistas experientes. Considerou-se como estatisticamente significativo p≤0,05. Resultados: Foram analisados 397 exames. Encontrou-se prevalência de calcificações em 176 (44%) dos casos. A existência dessas calcificações coronárias está relacionada à idade (p<0,001). As calcificações possuem relação com o sexo (p = 0,03) com maior razão de chance de desenvolvimento em homens (odds ratio [OR] = 1,55). O tabagismo (p<0,001), o sedentarismo (p<0,001), a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (p<0,001), o diabetes mellitus (p = 0,04) e as dislipidemias (p<0,001) mostraram associação positiva. Conclusão: A prevalência de achados incidentais de CAC foi de 44%; variam em maior número entre leve e grave; maior razão de chance no sexo masculino e aumento da prevalência com a idade. Portanto, a TC de tórax mostra-se um efetivo método para avaliar as CAC, e juntamente com a história clínica do paciente pode ser utilizada para medir os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e intervir no desfecho do quadro.(AU)

Introduction: Coronary artery calcifications (CAC) are shown to be a predictive factor of cardiovascular diseases. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with a low-dose acquisition protocol is accurate in identifying CAC and provides incidental findings of these calcifications, which are commonly overlooked. This study will analyze the prevalence of incidental findings of calcification in coronary arteries in non-cardiac individuals undergoing chest CT. Methods: Consecutive cross-sectional study of an analytical and descriptive nature. Individuals of both genders who underwent chest CT by referral, over 18 years of age and without heart disease were included. Data collection was carried out using medical records and a self-applied anamnesis form. The variables referring to the CAC and the extension of the impairment were obtained from the reassessment of the chest CT images available in the institution's system. The exams were anonymized and evaluated by two experienced radiologists. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 397 exams were analyzed. A prevalence of calcifications was found in 176 (44%) of the cases. The existence of these coronary calcifications is related to age (p<0.001). Calcifications are related to gender (p = 0.03) with a higher odds ratio of development in men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55). Smoking (p<0.001), sedentary lifestyle (p<0.001), systemic arterial hypertension (p<0.001), Diabetes Mellitus (p = 0.04), and dyslipidemia (p<0.001) showed a positive association. Conclusion: The prevalence of incidental CAC findings was 44%; vary in greater numbers between mild and severe; higher odds ratio in males and increased prevalence with age. Therefore, chest CT proves to be an effective method to assess CAC, and together with the patient's clinical history, it can be used to measure risk factors for CVD and intervene in the outcome of the condition.(AU)

Associations of clinical, psychological, and socioeconomic characteristics with nicotine dependence in smokers.

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor of mortality and morbidity from various cancerous, respiratory, and myocardial diseases. Nicotine dependence is assessed based on the degree of physical dependence. We aimed to determine the clinical, socioeconomic and psychological factors associated with the smoking status and degree of nicotine dependence of smokers. From April 2009 to September 2010, we retrospectively collected data from 17,577 subjects aged ≥ 18 years who had undergone a general health examination at a health promotion center. The instruments used included the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Stress Response Inventory (SRI), and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Of the current smokers (N = 3946), 2345 (59%), 1154 (29%), and 447 (12%) had low, moderate, and high nicotine dependence, respectively. In multiple logistic analysis, predictors of high nicotine dependence were male sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.705, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.997-6.945), older age (≥ 65 years) (OR 1.016, 95% CI 1.004-1.029), higher body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.048, 95% CI 1.018-1.078), diabetes (OR 1.870, 95% CI 1.251-2.794), single marital status (OR 1.575, 95% CI 1.186-2.092), lower education level (OR 1.887, 95% CI 1.463-2.433), and a higher stress level (OR 1.018, 95% CI 1.997-6.945). Thus, clinical, psychological, socioeconomic status including male, older age, higher BMI, diabetes, single marital status, lower education, and higher stress should be taken into consideration by promoting smoking cessation.

Childhood and Adolescent Bullying Perpetration and Later Substance Use: A Meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Previous meta-analyses substantially contributed to our understanding of increased drug use risk in bullies but only included research up to 2014 and did not report on other types of substances. OBJECTIVE: To review and meta-analyze existing evidence regarding the prospective association between peer bullying perpetration in childhood and adolescence and later substance use. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases were searched on March 14, 2019. STUDY SELECTION: We selected peer-reviewed articles and dissertations in English reporting original empirical studies on associations between bullying perpetration in childhood or adolescence and later use of drugs, alcohol, or tobacco. Records were assessed for eligibility independently by 2 authors. DATA EXTRACTION: Data extraction and quality assessment was performed by one author and checked by another author. RESULTS: In total, 215 effects were included from 28 publications, reporting on 22 samples, comprising 28 477 participants. Bullying perpetration was associated positively with all types of substance use (drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and general). The results for combined bullying-victimization were more mixed, with generally weaker effects. LIMITATIONS: Effects were based on a large variability in operationalizations and measures of bullying and substance use, impeding the interpretation of the pooled effect sizes. Although bullying appears to be a risk factor for substance use, no inferences can be made about so-called causal risk factors that can provide the basis for preventive interventions. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that adolescents and particularly children who bully their peers have a higher risk of substance use later in life than their nonbullying peers.

Estimating the Population Health Impact of Recently Introduced Modified Risk Tobacco Products: A Comparison of Different Approaches.

INTRODUCTION: Various approaches have been used to estimate the population health impact of introducing a Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP). AIMS AND METHODS: We aimed to compare and contrast aspects of models considering effects on mortality that were known to experts attending a meeting on models in 2018. RESULTS: Thirteen models are described, some focussing on e-cigarettes, others more general. Most models are cohort-based, comparing results with or without MRTP introduction. They typically start with a population with known smoking habits and then use transition probabilities either to update smoking habits in the "null scenario" or joint smoking and MRTP habits in an "alternative scenario". The models vary in the tobacco groups and transition probabilities considered. Based on aspects of the tobacco history developed, the models compare mortality risks, and sometimes life-years lost and health costs, between scenarios. Estimating effects on population health depends on frequency of use of the MRTP and smoking, and the extent to which the products expose users to harmful constituents. Strengths and weaknesses of the approaches are summarized. CONCLUSIONS: Despite methodological differences, most modellers have assumed the increase in risk of mortality from MRTP use, relative to that from cigarette smoking, to be very low and have concluded that MRTP introduction is likely to have a beneficial impact. Further model development, supplemented by preliminary results from well-designed epidemiological studies, should enable more precise prediction of the anticipated effects of MRTP introduction. IMPLICATIONS: There is a need to estimate the population health impact of introducing modified risk nicotine-containing products for smokers unwilling or unable to quit. This paper reviews a variety of modeling methodologies proposed to do this, and discusses the implications of the different approaches. It should assist modelers in refining and improving their models, and help toward providing authorities with more reliable estimates.

Cross-Sectional Association Between Exclusive and Concurrent Use of Cigarettes, ENDS, and Cigars, the Three Most Popular Tobacco Products, and Wheezing Symptoms Among U.S. Adults.

INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the association of exclusive and concurrent use of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and cigars with ever and past 12-month wheezing symptoms among a nationally representative sample of US adult current tobacco users. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 3 (W3) were used. The weighted prevalence of self-reported ever and past 12-month wheezing symptoms for noncurrent users compared with users of cigarettes, ENDS, cigars, and any combination of these products (polytobacco use of these tobacco products) were presented for 28 082 adults. The cross-sectional association of tobacco use with self-reported wheezing symptoms was assessed using weighted multivariable and ordinal logistic regression with consideration of complex sampling design. RESULTS: Significantly higher odds of ever had wheezing or whistling in the chest at any time in the past were observed among current cigarette (adjusted odds ratio: 2.62, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 2.35, 2.91), ENDS (1.49, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.95), and polytobacco users (2.67, 95% CI: 2.26, 3.16) compared with noncurrent users. No associations were seen for cigar use. Polytobacco use was associated with a higher odds of ever wheezing when compared with exclusive ENDS (1.61, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.17) and exclusive cigar use (2.87, 95% CI: 1.93, 4.26), but not exclusive use of cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Ever wheezing is associated with the use of cigarettes, ENDS, and polytobacco use of cigarettes, ENDS, and/or cigars, but not cigar use. The association of polytobacco use and wheezing appears to be driven by cigarette use. IMPLICATIONS: Cross-sectional associations with ever and past 12-month wheezing symptoms were found to be the strongest among cigarette users, exclusively or in combination. Future longitudinal research is needed to better understand how cigarette use interacts with other tobacco and nicotine products and contributes to respiratory symptoms.

¿Es el consumo de marihuana una puerta de entrada para el consumo de tabaco? / Marijuana: A Gateway to Cigarette Smoking?

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Alcohol, Tobacco, and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders and Associations With Sexual Identity and Stress-Related Correlates.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined psychiatric comorbidities associated with alcohol use disorders and tobacco use disorders among heterosexual, bisexual, and gay and lesbian men and women in the United States and whether stress-related factors were predictive of comorbidities. METHODS: The authors used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (2012-2013, N=36,309) to examine the co-occurrence of past-year alcohol or tobacco use disorder with past-year anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder by sexual identity (heterosexual, bisexual, gay or lesbian) and sex. The authors also examined the association of stress-related factors and social support with the presence of comorbidities. RESULTS: Comorbidities were more prevalent among women and sexual minorities, particularly bisexual women. More than half of bisexual (55%) and gay or lesbian (51%) individuals who met criteria for a past-year alcohol use disorder had a psychiatric comorbidity, while only one-third of heterosexual individuals who met criteria for a past-year alcohol use disorder did. Similar differences were found among those who met criteria for a past-year tobacco use disorder. Among sexual minorities, the frequency of sexual orientation discrimination (adjusted odds ratio range=1.08-1.10), number of stressful life events (adjusted odds ratio range=1.25-1.43), and number of adverse childhood experiences (adjusted odds ratio range=1.04-1.18) were significantly associated with greater odds of comorbidities. Greater social support was significantly inversely associated with tobacco use disorder comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio range=0.96-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: This research suggests that integrated substance use and mental health prevention and treatment programs are needed, particularly for individuals who identify as sexual minorities. The increased stressors experienced by sexual minority individuals may be important drivers of these high levels of comorbidities.

Role of e-cigarettes and pharmacotherapy during attempts to quit cigarette smoking: The PATH Study 2013-16.

BACKGROUND: More smokers report using e-cigarettes to help them quit than FDA-approved pharmacotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of e-cigarettes with future abstinence from cigarette and tobacco use. DESIGN: Cohort study of US sample, with annual follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: US adult (ages 18+) daily cigarette smokers identified at Wave 1 (W1; 2013-14) of the PATH Study, who reported a quit attempt before W2 and completed W3 (n = 2443). EXPOSURES: Use of e-cigarettes, pharmacotherapy (including nicotine replacement therapy), or no product for last quit attempt (LQA), and current daily e-cigarette use at W2. ANALYSIS: Propensity score matching (PSM) of groups using different methods to quit. OUTCOME MEASURES: 12+ months abstinence at W3 from cigarettes and from all tobacco (including e-cigarettes). 30+ days abstinence at W3 was a secondary outcome. RESULTS: Among daily smokers with an LQA, 23.5% used e-cigarettes, 19.3% used pharmacotherapy only (including NRT) and 57.2% used no product. Cigarette abstinence for 12+ months at W3 was ~10% in each group. Half of the cigarette abstainers in the e-cigarette group were using e-cigarettes at W3. Different methods to help quitting had statistically comparable 12+ month cigarette abstinence at W3 (e-cigarettes vs no product: Risk Difference (RD) = 0.01, 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.06; e-cigarettes vs pharmacotherapy: RD = 0.02, 95% CI:-0.04 to 0.09). Likewise, daily e-cigarette users at W2 did not show a cessation benefit over comparable no-e-cigarette users and this finding was robust to sensitivity analyses. Abstinence for 30+ days at W3 was also similar across products. LIMITATIONS: The frequency of e-cigarette use during the LQA was not assessed, nor was it possible to assess continuous abstinence from the LQA. CONCLUSION: Among US daily smokers who quit cigarettes in 2014-15, use of e-cigarettes in that attempt compared to approved cessation aids or no products showed similar abstinence rates 1-2 years later.

Nicotine Use and DSM-IV Nicotine Dependence in the United States, 2001-2002 and 2012-2013.

OBJECTIVE: Nationally representative data on changes in 12-month prevalences of nicotine use, DSM-IV nicotine dependence, and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among users were analyzed to test the "hardening hypothesis," which proposes that declines in nicotine use resulting from population-level control measures leave a growing proportion of highly dependent users. METHODS: Data were derived from two nationally representative surveys of U.S. adults: the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, N=43,093) and the 2012-2013 NESARC-III (N=36,309). Weighted estimates of nicotine use, DSM-IV nicotine dependence, and an approximation of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence were compared for the 2001-2002 NESARC and 2012-2013 NESARC-III among the overall population and among nicotine users. Adjusted risk differences were obtained from logistic regression analyses using the predicted marginal approach. RESULTS: Between the 2001-2002 and 2012-2013 surveys, rates of 12-month nicotine use declined slightly (from 27.7% to 26.9%), but increased slightly but significantly when adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics (adjusted risk difference=1.4%). Larger significant increases were seen in 12-month nicotine dependence (adjusted risk difference=2.6%) and nicotine dependence among users (adjusted risk difference=6.4%). With few exceptions, increases in nicotine use, nicotine dependence, and nicotine dependence among users were statistically significant across most sociodemographic subgroups. Notable increases were seen among men; middle and older age groups; whites, blacks, and Hispanics; and the socioeconomically disadvantaged. CONCLUSIONS: Smaller increases in 12-month nicotine use relative to larger increases in 12-month nicotine dependence and nicotine dependence among users suggests that increases in nicotine dependence between the 2001-2002 and 2012-2013 surveys are findings that support the hardening hypothesis. Vulnerable subgroups of the population in terms of hardening were identified who would benefit from targeted nicotine dependence intervention programs to help them in overcoming dependence and quitting nicotine use.

Serum Immunoglobulins as Diagnostic Markers in Smokeless Tobacco Users for Prevention of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) remains a threat amongst a large population across the globe and particularly in India. Among the 28 known carcinogens in SLT, tobacco-specific nitrosamines are considered to be the most potent and it has been shown to cause immunomodulatory effects making the individual susceptible to various diseases. Immunoglobulins (Ig) form the defense against pathogens at the mucosal surfaces and SLT might interfere with its production and function. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to estimate the level of IgG and IgA in SLT patients and establish a correlation between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 subjects (34 khaini users and 26 gutkha users) were selected for the study. Complete demographic data and history was taken and clinical examination done to evaluate any oral mucosal changes. Venous blood samples were taken to analyze the serum immunoglobulin parameters. RESULTS: Significant changes were observed in the serum IgA and IgG level in SLT users. Serum IgG level had a positive correlation whereas serum IgA had a negative correlation with the form of SLT and were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: The present study might serve as an early diagnostic tool and helpful in creating awareness on the hazards of using SLT among the Indian population as a despicable substitute to smoking tobacco. It also confers an imperative role into SLT mediated effects on immunoglobulins levels.

Public Health Considerations for Adolescent Initiation of Electronic Cigarettes.

Adolescent use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has increased dramatically, with younger and nicotine-naive adolescents starting to use these devices and use them more frequently than combustible cigarettes. In emerging evidence, it is shown that e-cigarettes are not effective in helping adult smokers quit and that youth using e-cigarettes are at risk for becoming nicotine dependent and continuing to use as adults. Important gaps in our knowledge remain regarding the long-term health impact of e-cigarettes, effective strategies to prevent and reduce adolescent e-cigarette use, and the impact of provider screening and counseling to address this new method of nicotine use.

Dual use of electronic and conventional cigarettes is associated with higher cardiovascular risk factors in Korean men.

Most smokers who use electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to stop smoking simultaneously use conventional cigarettes (dual users). We aimed to compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among dual users, cigarette-only smokers, and never smokers in Korean men. We used data acquired from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2017) pertaining to 7,505 male participants aged 19 years or older. About 85% of e-cigarette users were dual users. Dual users had greater nicotine dependence and higher urinary cotinine levels than cigarette-only smokers. Dual users had more psychosocial and behavioural risk factors, including perceived high stress, depressive mood, high daily intake of energy, and obesity, than never smokers and cigarette-only smokers. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was higher among dual users, and their multivariate-adjusted prevalence odds ratio for MetS was 2.79 (P < 0.001) compared with never smokers and 1.57 (P = 0.038) compared with cigarette-only smokers. Given that most e-cigarette users are dual users and dual users are more vulnerable to cardiovascular risk factors than cigarette-only smokers and never smokers, more active treatment for smoking cessation and intensive lifestyle interventions for dual users should be considered with priority.

The electronic cigarette epidemic in youth and young adults: A practical review.

Electronic cigarettes are the most common form of nicotine delivery used by youth and young adults, and in 2018, the US Surgeon General declared this to be an epidemic. The developing adolescent brain is vulnerable to nicotine exposure, which can lead to long-lasting cognitive and mood disorders. Screening rates for vaping are low and lack of knowledge by adolescents, clinicians, parents, and caregivers is high. This article reviews the components of vaping, prevalence, adverse reactions, regulation, treatment, and prevention strategies related to vaping in youth and young adults.

Abuse liability of electronic cigarettes in men who are experienced electronic cigarette users.

Most electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) aerosolize a nicotine-containing liquid that users inhale. Few experimental studies have examined e-cig abuse liability (the extent to which use of these products may lead to persistent and/or problematic use). In this study, 24 experienced male e-cig users completed 4 sessions that differed byproduct used: own e-cig (OWN), an eGo e-cig filled with participants' own brand/flavor liquid in 0 mg/mL nicotine (e-cig0), an eGo e-cig filled with the highest nicotine concentration available in participants' own brand/flavor (e-cighighest), and a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved nicotine inhaler (IN). Outcome measures included crossover point on the multiple-choice procedure, plasma nicotine delivery, and subjective effect profile. After 10 puffs, a significantly higher mean crossover point was observed for OWN at $1.35 (SD = 0.90) compared to e-cighighest at $0.88 (SD = 0.89), e-cig0 at $0.83 (SD = 0.79), and IN at $0.72 (SD = 0.84). Significant increases in mean plasma nicotine concentration were observed for OWN at 7.94 ng/mL (SD = 6.19) and e-cighighest at 7.51 ng/mL (SD = 5.39). Significant reductions in abstinence symptom suppression and higher ratings of satisfaction were observed for OWN and e-cighighest, with significantly less suppression and lower ratings of satisfaction for e-cig0 and IN. These findings suggest that human laboratory methods can be used to assess e-cig abuse liability and that nicotine-containing e-cigs have greater abuse liability than nicotine-free e-cigs and the IN. Potential regulations intended to limit e-cig abuse liability should be tested using these or similar procedures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Non-pharmacological Considerations in Human Research of Nicotine and Tobacco Effects: A Review.

Human research of nicotine and tobacco effects demonstrates that non-pharmacological factors may systematically affect responses to administered substances and inert placebos. Failure to measure or manipulate these factors may compromise study reliability and validity. This is especially relevant for double-blind placebo-controlled research of nicotine, tobacco, and related substances. In this article, we review laboratory-based human research of the impact of non-pharmacological factors on responses to tobacco and nicotine administration. Results suggest that varying beliefs about drug content and effects, perceptions about drug use opportunities, and intentions to cease drug use systematically alter subjective, behavioral, and physiological responses to nicotine, tobacco, and placebo administration. These non-pharmacological factors should be considered when designing and interpreting the findings of human research of nicotine and tobacco effects, particularly when a double-blind placebo-controlled design is used. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed, and we propose methodological strategies to enhance the reliability and validity of future research. IMPLICATIONS: Growing research demonstrates that non-pharmacological factors systematically alter responses to acute nicotine, tobacco, and placebo administration. Indeed, varying beliefs about nicotine and/or tobacco administration and effects, differing perceptions about nicotine and/or tobacco use opportunities, and inconsistent motivation to quit smoking have been found to exert important influences on subjective, physiological, and behavioral responses. These variables are infrequently measured or manipulated in nicotine and tobacco research, which compromises the validity of study findings. Incorporating methodological strategies to better account for these non-pharmacological factors has the potential to improve the quality of addiction research and treatment.

Nicotine Use Disorders in Adolescents.

Rates of certain tobacco products have decreased over the past decade, but nicotine use disorder is still prevalent among adolescents. New trends in tobacco use, such as in the use of electronic cigarettes, are creating alarm. This article reviews nicotine addiction and measurement in adolescents, along with potential health risks and comorbidities. Various psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions are reviewed along with novel interventions that show promise for reducing tobacco use in this vulnerable population.